NORM照射与废物管理策略探讨

辐射防护 ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (1): 54-62.

NORM照射与废物管理策略探讨

魏方欣, 王春丽, 张宇, 祝兆文, 雷强, 徐春艳

生态环境部核与辐射安全中心,北京 100082

收稿日期:2021-02-25 出版日期:2022-01-20 发布日期:2022-01-24
通讯作者: 王春丽。E-mail:wangchunli 815@163.com
作者简介:魏方欣(1979—),男,2003年毕业于兰州大学物理科学与技术学院物理学专业,2008年毕业于中国科学院高能物理研究所,理论物理(核物理理论)专业,博士,正高级工程师。E-mail:weifi99@163.com
基金资助:
“低中放废物处置法规标准体系和管理机制研究”(科工二司[2018]1521号)和“放射性废物管理立法论证研究”(生态环境部核与辐射安全中心结余资金项目)资助。

Discussion on NORM exposure and management mechanism of radioactive waste

WEI Fangxin, WANG Chunli, ZHANG Yu, ZHU Zhaowen, LEI Qiang, XU Chunyan

Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center, MEE, Beijing 100082

Received:2021-02-25 Online:2022-01-20 Published:2022-01-24

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 由于数量巨大且其所含主要核素半衰期极长,天然放射性物质(NORM)矿产资源开发利用过程中产生的废物管理问题正日益受到国内外广泛关注。本文通过调研NORM照射和我国NORM废物管理的现状及存在问题,分析认为我国NORM废物管理中诸多问题的主要成因是责任主体不明、处置技术研发基础薄弱等,在此基础上提出构建以监管主导的管理体系、建立国家NORM废物清单、加快研究风险评估方法、开发废物处置示范工程等建议,以推进NORM废物的及时安全、妥善处置。

关键词: NORM, 天然放射性废物, 现存照射

Abstract: The natural radioactive level raised by development and utilization of minerals associated with radioactivity is received wide attention from all over the world. The present situation and occurred problems in the field of NORM waste management are analyzed and presented in this paper. The systematic causes for the problems are considered to be unclear responsibility, lack of financing guarantee system and poor foundation for waste disposal technology. Suggestions for strengthening the functions of regulatory body, establishing national NORM inventory list, promoting research on risk assessment and developing waste disposal demonstration project etc., are proposed for the purpose of promoting safe and proper disposal of NORM waste in China.

Key words: Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM), natural radioactive waste, existing exposure

中图分类号:

TL94

魏方欣, 王春丽, 张宇, 祝兆文, 雷强, 徐春艳. NORM照射与废物管理策略探讨[J]. 辐射防护, 2022, 42(1): 54-62.

WEI Fangxin, WANG Chunli, ZHANG Yu, ZHU Zhaowen, LEI Qiang, XU Chunyan. Discussion on NORM exposure and management mechanism of radioactive waste[J]. RADIATION PROTECTION, 2022, 42(1): 54-62.

参考文献 16

[1]	孙庆红. 伴生放射性废物管理探讨[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2005, 25(4): 17-24.SUN Qinghong. Discussions on NORM／TENORM waste management [J].Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2005, 25(4): 17-24.
[2]	刘华, 罗建军, 马成辉. 第一次全国污染源普查伴生放射性污染源普查及结果初步分析[J]. 辐射防护, 2011,31(6).LIU Hua, LUO Jianjun, MA Chenghui. Preliminary analysis on the results of the first nationwide pollution source survey(FNPSS) associated with the mining and processing of ore resources [J]. Radiation Protection,2011,31(6).
[3]	罗建军, 孙庆红.NORM/TENORM照射的管理[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2009, 29(3): 4-12.LUO Jianjun, SUN Qinghong. Regulation of NORM/TENORM exposure in some countries[J].Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2009, 29(3): 4-12.
[4]	帅震清, 温维辉, 赵亚民,等. 伴生放射性矿物资源开发利用中放射性污染现状与对策研究[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2001, 21(2): 3-7.SHUAI Zhengqing, WEN Weihui, ZHAO Yaming,et al. The status of radioactive pollution due to associated minerals and countermeasures study[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2001, 21(2): 3-7.
[5]	苏永杰, 封有才. 我国伴生放射性矿环境管理中存在问题的讨论[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2007, 27(1): 23-27.SU Yingjie, FENG Youcai. Discussion on problems in environmental management of mines associated with radioactivity in China[J].Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2007, 27(1): 23-27.
[6]	叶际达, 孔玲莉. 五省放射性伴生石煤矿开发和利用对环境影响研究[J]. 辐射防护, 2004, 24(1): 1-23.YE Jida, KONG Lingli. Study of radioactivity effect of mining and utilizing bone-coal mine on environment[J]. Radiation Protection,2004, 24(1): 1-23.
[7]	潘自强. 我国天然辐射水平和控制中一些问题的讨论[J]. 辐射防护, 2001, 21(5): 257-268.PAN Ziqiang. Some issues regarding natural radiation level and control in China[J]. Radiation Protection, 2001, 21(5): 257-268.
[8]	戴霞, 刁端阳, 孙自然. 江苏省伴生放射性矿开发利用中环境保护管理的现状及改进[J]. 辐射防护通讯,2007, 27(2): 24-27.DAI Xia, DIAO Duanyang, SUN Ziran. Present condition and countermeasures for mining and utilizing radioactive bone-coal in Jiangsu province[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2007, 27(2): 24-27.
[9]	李业强, 田伟, 葛良全, 等. 重庆市伴生放射性水平调查[J]. 三峡环境与生态, 2007, 2(6): 6-8.LI Yeqiang, TIAN Wei,GE Liangquan, et al. Investigation of associated radioactive level in Chongqing [J]. Environment and Ecology in the Three Gorges, 2007, 2(6): 6-8.
[10]	陈志东, 林清, 邓飞, 等. 广东省伴生放射性矿资源利用过程辐射水平调查[J]. 辐射防护, 2002, 22(5): 29-32.CHEN Zhidong, LIN Qing, DENG Fei,et al. Investigation of radiation levels in mines associated with radioactivity in Guangdong province[J]. Radiation Protection,2002, 22(5): 29-32.
[11]	刘新华, 马成辉, 孔祥金, 等. 对人为活动引起的天然放射性明显增加设施辐射监管技术体系的几点建议[J]. 辐射防护, 2011,31(6):328-333.LIU Xinhua, MA Chenghui, KONG Xiangjin, et al. Some proposals on technical system for regulation of industrial activities involving NORMs[J]. Radiation Protection,2011,31(6):328-333.
[12]	中华人民共和国生态环境部, 国家统计局, 中华人民共和国农业农村部. 第二次全国污染源普查公报[Z]. 2020.Ministry of Ecological Environment, the State Statistical Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRC. The Second Nationwide Pollution Source Survey(FNPSS)[Z]. 2020.
[13]	李莹, 万明, 陈晓峰, 等. 江西省伴生放射性石煤矿开发利用环境影响研究[J]. 辐射防护, 2004, 24(5): 297-313.LI Ying, WAN Ming, CHEN Xiaofeng,et al. Study on environmental effect of mining and utilizing radioactive bone-coal mine in Jiangxi province[J]. Radiation Protection, 2004, 24(5): 297-313.
[14]	范智文. 铀、钍伴生矿放射性废物的管理[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2001, 21(5): 7-10.FAN Zhiwen. Radwaste management associated with Uranium and Thorium[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2001, 21(5): 7-10.
[15]	夏益华. 关注人类生活引起天然照射的增加问题[J]. 辐射防护, 2001, 21(1): 11-18.XIA Yihua. Concerning significant increase in exposure due to natural radiation sources [J]. Radiation Protection,2001, 21(1): 11-18.
[16]	潘自强. 人为活动引起的天然辐射职业性照射的控制——我国国民所受的最大和最高职业照射[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2002, 11(3): 129-133.PAN Ziqiang. Control of occupational exposure due to natural radiation caused by human activities——the largest and highest occupational exposure in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Health, 2002, 11(3): 129-133.