压水堆核电厂流出物中14C的排放限值探讨

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究分析了压水堆核电厂中¹⁴C的产生途径与排放量,调研了美国和欧洲运行压水堆核电厂气态流出物和液态流出物中¹⁴C的排放水平,分析了我国国家标准《核动力厂环境辐射防护规定》(GB 6249—2011)对美国和欧洲运行压水堆核电厂流出物排放¹⁴C的包络性,同时分析了多堆厂址、AP1000和EPR等新堆型电厂的运行需求对目前标准规定的¹⁴C排放限值管理带来的挑战,提出了¹⁴C的减排和资源化利用建议。

关键词: 压水堆, ¹⁴C, 流出物, 排放限值

Abstract: In this paper, the source of ¹⁴C in the reactor and the coolant of pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant (NPP) was analyzed, and the release level of ¹⁴C in the effluent for PWR-NPPs in the USA and Europe was investigated. The envelope ability of the current limits of ¹⁴C annual release stipulated by national standard GB 6249—2011 were analyzed, based on the long-years of realistically reported release data. Meanwhile, the possible increasing of ¹⁴C release for AP1000 and EPR NPP units compared the traditional PWR was investigated, which should be paid attention for the discharge limit setting especially for multi-units NPP sites. Besides, the ¹⁴C application in the various fields, such as the biology and medicine science were briefly introduced. It was shown the recovery of ¹⁴C in the gaseous effluent of PWR-NPP is essential and significant to produce economic benefits, as well as the social benefits basically, which could reduce public dose dramatically for the local individuals.

Key words: pressurized water reactor, ¹⁴C, effluent, release limits

中图分类号:

TL75+1

上官志洪, 黄彦君, 蒋婧, 祝兆文, 刘新华. 压水堆核电厂流出物中¹⁴C的排放限值探讨[J]. 辐射防护, 2021, 41(6): 488-495.

SHANGGUAN Zhihong, HUANG Yanjun, JIANG Jing, ZHU Zhaowen, LIU Xinhua. Discussion on the release limits of ¹⁴C in effluent from pressurized water reactor NPP[J]. RADIATION PROTECTION, 2021, 41(6): 488-495.

参考文献

[1] 陈晓秋, 刘华. 关于核设施放射性流出物导出排放限值的讨论[J]. 辐射防护, 2003, 23(3): 138-45.
CHEN Xiaoqiu, LIU Hua. Deiscussion on derived release limits for radioactivie effluents from nuclear facility[J]. Radiaiton Protection, 2003, 23(3): 138-45.
[2] 环境保护部, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 核动力厂环境辐射防护规定:GB 6249—2011[S]. 北京: 环境科学出版社,2011.
Ministry of Environmental Protection, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. Environmental radiation protection regulations for nuclear power plants:GB 6249—2011[S]. Beijing: Environmental Science Press, 2011.
[3] KIM K. Palo Allto, CA, USA: EPRI report 1021106 estimation of carbon-14 in nuclear power plant gaseous effluents[R]. Electric Power Research Institute, 2010.
[4] 魏新渝, 杨端节, 商照荣. 核电厂流出物中¹⁴C的管理控制[J]. 核安全, 2012, 2:51-55.
WEI Xinyu, YANG Duanjie, SHANG Zhaorong. Management and control of ¹⁴C in nuclear power plant effluents[J]. Nuclear Safety, 2012, 2:51-55.
[5] IAEA. Vienna, Austria: technical reports series No. 421 management of waste containing tritium and carbon-14[R]. International Atomic Energy Agency, 2004.
[6] 付鹏涛, 蔡德昌. 基于压水堆运行反馈的¹⁴C源项研究[J]. 核科学与工程, 2017, 37(2): 215-222.
FU Pengtao, CAI Dechang. Study on ¹⁴C source term based on operational dishcarge dates in PWR[J]. Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2017, 37(2): 215-222.
[7] 付鹏涛, 石秀安, 韩嵩, 等. CPR1000型压水堆¹⁴C产生量研究[J]. 原子能科学技术, 2013, 47(S): 184-187.
Fu Pengtao, SHI Xiuan, HAN Song, et al. Study on production of ¹⁴C in CPR1000[J]. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2013, 47(S): 184-187.
[8] HOU X. Tritium and ¹⁴C in the environment and nuclear facilities: sources and analytical methods[J]. Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology, 2018, 16(1): 11-39.
[9] FEJGL M, SVETLIK I, KOT K L, et al. A long-term monitoring of ¹⁴C in liquid discharges from NPPs in the Czech Republic [J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2018, 318(3): 2263-2271.
[10] DAVIS J. TN, USA: NUREG/CR 2907 vol. 23. Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants Annual Report [R]. USNRC, 2018.
[11] USNRC. Radioactive Effluent and Environmental Reports[EB/OL]. https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/tritium/plant-info.html. 2020.
[12] EURATOM: Recommendation 2004/2/Euratom-European Commission, on standardised information on radioactive airborne and liquid discharges into the environment from nuclear power reactors and reprocessing plants in normal operation[S]. EURATOM, 2004.
[13] RADD. European Commission RAdioactive Discharges Database [DB/OL]. https://europa.eu/radd/ind. 2020.
[14] IAEA. The Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) [DB/OL]. http://www.iaea.org/pris. Vienna, Austria; IAEA. 2020.
[15] CHEN C H. Removal of ¹⁴C from nitrogen annulus gas[M]//FIRST M W. DOE nuclear airborne waste management and air cleaning conference. MD, USA; Springefield. 1984.
[16] 周国丰. 核电厂痕量气载碳14处理工艺关键技术研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2019.
ZHOU Guofeng. Research on Key Technologyies of Trace-amount Airborne ¹⁴C compounds Treatment in Nuclear Power Plant [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2019.
[17] 谭璞, 周国丰, 白杉, 等. 压水堆核电厂¹⁴C产生机理与处理技术探讨[J]. 绿色科技, 2016, 6:8-11.
TAN Pu, ZHOU Guofeng, BAI Shan, et al. Study of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant ¹⁴C production mechanism and treatment technology[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2016, 6:8-11.
[18] KUTSCHERA W. Applications of ¹⁴C, the Most Versatile Radionuclide to Explore Our World[M]//C. S, M. P. The Euroschool on Exotic Beams - Vol 5, Cham https://doiorg/101007/978-3-319-74878-8_1. Cham; Springer. 2018: 1-30.
[19] 樊贞玉, 胡咏泉, 周雪梅, 等. 血清幽门螺杆菌抗体分型联合¹⁴C尿素呼气试验检测幽门螺杆菌感染的临床应用 [J]. 泰山医学院学报, 2017, 38: 1350-1351.
FAN Zhenyu, HU Yonquan, ZHOU Xuemei, et al. Serum Helicobacter pylori antibody typing combined with ¹⁴C-urea breath test in the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection[J]. Journal of ShanDong First Medical University & ShanDong Academy of Medical Sciences, 2017, 38: 1350-1351.
[20] 唐恭顺, 匡安仁. ¹⁴C氨基比林呼气试验在肝脏疾病中的应用[J]. 世界华人消化杂志, 2004, 12(5): 1184-1187.
TANG Gongshun, KUANG Anren. Application of ¹⁴C-aminopyrine breath test in liver disease[J]. World Chinese Journal of Digestion, 2004, 12(5): 1184-1187.
[21] 朱国念, 郭江峰, 孙锦荷. 应用¹⁴C核素研究草甘膦在水域生态系中的迁移、生物富集与消失动态[J]. 核农学报, 2002, 16(3): 185-190.
ZHU Guonian, GUO Jiangfeng, SUN Jinhe. Studies on transfer, bioaccumulation and disappearance of glyphosate in the aquatic ecosystem by utilizing ¹⁴C tracer technique[J]. Acta Agriculturae Nucleatae Sinica, 2002, 16(3): 185-190.
[22] 李玲, 肖和艾, 黄道友, 等. ¹⁴C示踪技术在土壤有机质周转研究中的应用[J]. 生态学杂志, 2005, 6: 97-102.
LI Ling, XIAO Heai, HUANG Daoyou, et al. Application of ¹⁴C-labeling technique in the study on the turnover of soil organic matter[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2005, 6: 97-102.

压水堆核电厂流出物中¹⁴C的排放限值探讨

Discussion on the release limits of ¹⁴C in effluent from pressurized water reactor NPP

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 10

[1]	张君南, 周耀权, 李璐, 郑伟. VVER-1000型机组正常运行气液态流出物源项计算[J]. 辐射防护, 2021, 41(S1): 15-19.
[2]	杨有坤, 保莉, 杨海兰, 宋沁楠, 李鹏翔, 李周, 王瑞俊. 核电站液态流出物中⁶³Ni的快速分离与测定[J]. 辐射防护, 2021, 41(5): 404-409.
[3]	刘玮, 吕雪艳, 全葳, 喻正伟, 王海鹏. 多孔吸附介质对¹³³Xe的采样浓集效果研究[J]. 辐射防护, 2021, 41(5): 422-427.
[4]	杜云武, 邓晓钦, 王亮, 欧阳均, 舒奕嘉. 中国核动力院核基地外围空气CO₂中¹⁴C分布特征及所致公众年有效剂量评价[J]. 辐射防护, 2021, 41(5): 432-438.
[5]	郭行, 金卫阳. 压水堆核电厂源项控制实践与改进[J]. 辐射防护, 2021, 41(3): 248-253.
[6]	刘红坤, 董亮, 刘妍, 唐辉. 三代压水堆内陆厂址放射性流出物排放问题及改进建议[J]. 辐射防护, 2021, 41(2): 174-180.
[7]	沈福. 在线式放射性液态流出物监测仪研制[J]. 辐射防护, 2020, 40(6): 533-539.
[8]	李婷, 朱君, 刘团团, 张艾明. 临港工业区建设对核电厂液态流出物稀释扩散的影响[J]. 辐射防护, 2020, 40(6): 593-604.
[9]	贾林胜, 杨亚鹏, 王任泽, 冯宗洋, 王宁, 刘一宁. 压水堆堆芯损伤评价系统研究与开发[J]. 辐射防护, 2020, 40(6): 652-656.
[10]	杨屹, 沈福, 畅翔, 孟丹, 商洁, 马弢, 杨柳. 核设施烟囱气态流出物取样系统气溶胶穿透效率试验研究[J]. 辐射防护, 2020, 40(5): 414-418.
[11]	沙向东, 黄彦君, 曾帆, 上官志洪, 蒋婧, 吴连生, 曹钟港, 陈超峰. 压水堆核电厂液态流出物中⁵⁵Fe的排放与监测方法[J]. 辐射防护, 2020, 40(5): 394-401.
[12]	陈诚, 张立波, 张君南, 王晓亮. 三代核电气、液态流出物计算及在内陆厂址条件下环境影响优化[J]. 辐射防护, 2020, 40(3): 198-203.
[13]	姜孔华, 刘晗晗, 田庆, 孙开斌. 田湾核电基地一期工程1、2号机组运行流出物排放致公众剂量十年评价(2007—2016年)[J]. 辐射防护, 2020, 40(1): 31-37.
[14]	叶欣楠, 范雯雯, 王艺霖, 高瑞发, 张志银. 内陆厂址压水堆核电厂液态流出物复用研究[J]. 辐射防护, 2019, 39(6): 502-509.
[15]	黄倩倩,吕炜枫,熊军. 压水堆核电厂压力容器开盖时刻主冷却剂放射性浓度控制要求研究[J]. 辐射防护, 2019, 39(5): 391-395.