ICRU 95号报告:外照射实用量及其对剂量学的影响

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)提出了“防护量”这一概念。最常用的防护量,即有效剂量E,用于设定照射限值,并在实用辐射防护中使用,以实现最优化原则。然而,有效剂量不是一个可测量的量,基于此国际辐射单位与测量委员会(ICRU)为外照射的剂量测定提出了一个可测量的量,即实用量,用于估计有效剂量。目前使用的实用量定义于20世纪80年代,当时核工业是职业辐射防护的主要关注点。当前,在其他辐射领域,特别是高能辐射,实用量的不足之处变得很明显:可能高估或低估有效剂量。因此,ICRU和ICRP在全面研究的基础上,为外照射的剂量测定提出了新的实用量,以克服上述缺点。实用量的新定义与防护量(包括有效剂量)的定义更具相关性,特别是使用了相同的仿真体模。当前提出的实用量通过缩小防护量与实用量之间的定义差异简化了辐射防护量体系,并从整体上改进了对有效剂量的估计。本文讨论了提出的新实用量对实际剂量测定的影响。

关键词: 剂量学, 实用量, 防护量, 有效剂量

Abstract: The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) introduced so-called protection quantities. The most used protection quantity, the effective dose E, serves to set exposure limits and is used in operational radiation protection to implement the optimization principle.Effective dose, however, is not a measurable quantity. That is the reason why the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) introduced measurable (operational) quantities for dosimetry of external radiation to provide acceptable estimates of effective dose.Presently used operational quantities were defined in the 1980s, when nuclear industry was the predominant concern of occupational radiation protection. In other radiation fields, in particular for high-energy radiations, shortcomings of today’s operational quantities became evident: the effective dose can be either over- or underestimated.Based on a comprehensive study, ICRU and ICRP have now introduced new operational quantities for the dosimetry of external radiation to overcome these shortcomings. The new definition of operational quantities is more closely related to the definition of protection quantities including the effective dose, in particular by using the same anthropomorphic phantom. The proposed operational quantities simplify the system of radiation protection quantities—by reducing the difference in the definitions of protection and operational quantities—and provide in general an improved estimate of effective dose. The consequences of introducing new operational quantities on practical dosimetry are discussed in the paper.

Key words: dosimetry, operational quantities, protection quantities, effective dose

中图分类号:

TL72

Hans Menzel, Thomas Otto. ICRU 95号报告:外照射实用量及其对剂量学的影响[J]. 辐射防护, 2023, 43(1): 11-16.

Hans Menzel, Thomas Otto. ICRU Report 95: Operational quantities and consequences for dosimetry[J]. RADIATION PROTECTION, 2023, 43(1): 11-16.

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