中国燃煤发电排放的放射性环境影响评价研究

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 选取不同装机容量等级的典型燃煤机组作为研究对象,按照不同地理区域划分滨海北方、滨海南方、内陆北方、内陆南方等4个评价区,采用一批新的调查数据和参数,评价当前我国燃煤发电排放的放射性环境影响。结果表明:(1)全国燃煤电厂放射性排放所致80 km范围公众的归一化集体剂量平均值为2.2人·Sv/GWa。(2)小火电机组所致剂量约为6.0人·Sv/GWa,主流燃煤机组约为1.8人·Sv/GWa,小火电机组是主流燃煤机组的约3倍。(3)剂量贡献最大的核素是²¹⁰Po,其次是²¹⁰Pb。食入和吸入内照射是主要照射途径。(4)不同燃煤电厂周围的人口密度差别很大,使得集体剂量相差可达1个数量级。基本结论:与天然辐射源所致公众照射剂量相比,燃煤发电的辐射环境影响仍然很小;煤电的辐射环境影响是核电的34倍。淘汰小火电机组、实施超低排放改造,我国燃煤发电所致公众归一化集体剂量仍有进一步降低的空间。目前电厂除尘技术难以高效去除和有效控制²¹⁰Po排放,有必要进一步研究。

关键词: 燃煤电厂, 天然放射性, 辐射环境影响, 公众照射, 剂量评价

Abstract: Based on different installed capacities, four evaluation areas as in the north and south, coastal and inland of China, and some new survey data or parameters, the radiological environmental impact from coal power plants were assessed. Results showed that: (1) Average normalized collective effective dose to the public within 80 km from coal power plant was 2.2 man·Sv/GWa. (2) Normalized collective dose from small sized coal-fired unit (100 MW and below) was 6.0 man·Sv/GWa and 1.8 man·Sv/GWa from the large sized coal-fired unit (300 MW and above); the collective dose from the small units was about 3 times higher than that from the large ones. (3) The dominant radionuclides were ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb, and ingestion and inhalation were primary exposure pathway. (4) Collective dose of coal power plants in different sites could vary in one order of magnitude due to the big difference of population density. Conclusions and discussion: compared with natural background level, the radiological impacts of coal power plants are very small; however, coal-fired power plant is 34 times higher than nuclear power plant. By elimination of small sized coal-fired unit and implementation of ultra-low emission technology reformation, the radiological environmental impact from coal power plants would be further reduced. At present, the ²¹⁰Po emission cannot be removed effectively by dust collectors, and this should be further studied.

Key words: coal power plant, natural radioactivity, radiation environmental impact, public exposure, dose assessment

中图分类号:

X822.7

姜子英, 张燕齐, 陈晓秋, 廖海涛, 潘自强. 中国燃煤发电排放的放射性环境影响评价研究[J]. 辐射防护, 2018, 38(3): 177-184.

JIANG Ziying, ZHANG Yanqi, CHEN Xiaoqiu, LIAO Haitao, PAN Ziqiang. Radiological impacts assessment of coal-fired power plants in China[J]. RADIATION PROTECTION, 2018, 38(3): 177-184.

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