Abstract: With the extensive application of nuclear technology in the medical field, radiation protection has become a key factor in safeguarding the health of both patients and medical staff. This paper aims to explore effective pathways for improving protection standards and safeguarding the health rights and interests of patients and medical staff, specifically addressing the radiation protection ethics issues that have garnered increasing attention in radiological practice. First, the ethical foundation of the radiation protection system was systematically elaborated. Combined with the medical attributes and practical characteristics of radiological diagnosis and treatment, the unique ethical perspectives on radiation protection were clarified. Second, several typical clinical cases were selected to conduct an analysis of the ethical issues in radiation protection within radiological diagnosis and treatment. Based on the systematic review and case analysis, targeted countermeasures were proposed from three dimensions: the management of radiological practice, specific radiation protection measures, and radiation protection education and training. The strategies proposed in this study can provide theoretical support and practical guidance for resolving ethical dilemmas in radiological diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, these strategies contribute to the improvement of the radiation protection system, effectively safeguard the health rights and interests of radiological workers and patients, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the radiological diagnosis and treatment industry.With the widespread application of nuclear technology in medicine, radiation protection has become a core guarantee for protecting the physical health of patients and medical staff alike. Focusing on the increasingly prominent ethical dilemmas arising from radiological practice, this paper explores feasible approaches to elevate radiation protection standards and protect the health-related rights and interests of patients and medical practitioners. First, it systematically elaborates the ethical basis underlying the radiation protection framework. In light of the medical properties and practical features of radiological diagnosis and treatment, this paper clarifies the distinctive ethical connotations of radiation protection. Second, several typical clinical cases are analyzed to identify prevalent ethical problems in radiological protection during diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. On the basis of literature review and case analysis, targeted countermeasures are put forward from three dimensions: standardized administration of radiological activities, targeted radiation protection protocols, and systematic radiation protection education and training. The strategies proposed in this research can offer theoretical foundations and practical guidance to resolve ethical conflicts in radiological diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, such measures help improve overall radiation protection work, fully safeguard the legitimate health rights of radiological staff and patients, and facilitate the sound and sustainable development of the radiology industry.

Key words: radiological diagnosis and treatment, radiation protection, ethical issues, protection optimization