我国放射防护基本标准的四代沿革与更新展望

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 扼要论述了放射防护基本标准在放射防护学科中的重要地位和促进相关学科发展的重要作用,概括回顾了提供制定放射防护标准基本依据的国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)放射防护体系所历经的四代沿革,以及国际原子能机构(IAEA)牵头联合多个国际组织共同制定的国际基本安全标准(IBSS)业已完成的三代演进。文中着重评述了我国放射防护基本标准迄今经历的1960年、1974年、20世纪80年代、2002年等四代演进的主要特点,特别从联合研制第四代基本标准GB 18871—2002的8年多难忘经历总结应汲取的经验教训,期望为不断更新放射防护基本标准同时更好发展放射防护学科等有所裨益。作为参加研制我国第三、第四代基本标准亲历者,最后抛砖引玉提出更新标准6点建议,亟盼尽快催生我国第五代放射防护基本标准以适应相关发展的迫切需求。显然,从国情出发与国际接轨,研制出科学实用、便于实施、能有的放矢解决实际问题的新基本标准势在必行。

关键词: 放射防护体系, 基本标准, 国际放射防护委员会, 国际基本安全标准, 演进, 展望

Abstract: This article briefly discusses the pivotal role of the basic standards for radiological protection in promoting the development of radiological protection related disciplines. Radiological protection system outlined in the recommendations published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), which provide basis for developing radiological protection standards, has undergone four generations of evolution; And the International Basic Safety Standards(IBSS), jointly developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) and multiple international organizations, has completed three generations of evolution. This paper focuses on the main characteristics of the four generations of evolution of basic standards for radiological protection in China, including 1960, 1974, 1980s and 2002. Based on the more than 8 years experience in joint development of the fourth generation basic standard GB 18871—2002, valuable lessons need to be sorted out; It will be beneficial to continuously update the basic standards of radiological protection and develop the discipline of radiological protection. As a participant in the development of China’s third and fourth generation basic standards, I would like to put forward six suggestions for updating the standards and promoting the fifth generation basic standards to meet the urgent needs of related development in China. Obviously, it is imperative to develop new basic standards that are scientifically sound, easy to implement, and able to solve practical problems in a targeted manner, based on national conditions and international standards.

Key words: radiological protection, basic standards, ICRP, IBSS, evolution, prospect

中图分类号:

郑钧正. 我国放射防护基本标准的四代沿革与更新展望[J]. 辐射防护, 2025, 45(6): 545-557.

ZHENG Junzheng. The evolution and update prospects of the four generations of basic standards for radiological protection in China[J]. RADIATION PROTECTION, 2025, 45(6): 545-557.

参考文献

[1] 郑钧正. 刍论我国的放射防护学科建设[M]. 北京:中国原子能出版社,2016.
[2] ICRP. ICRP 2021 proceedings of the sixth international symposium on the system of radiological protection[M]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,2023, Ann. ICRP 52(S1).
[3] ICRU. Glossary of contemporary terms and definitions in radiation science and medicine: ICRU Report 99[M]. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing,2024, 24(1).
[4] EC,FAO,IAEA,et al. Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources:International Basic Safety Standards(IBSS): IAEA Safety Standards Series GSR Part 3[M].Vienna:IAEA,2014.
[5] UNSCEAR. Sources,effects and risks of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2020/2021 Report[M]. New York:UN,2022.
[6] 郑钧正. 历史见证了X射线发现125周年之辉煌[J].辐射防护通讯,2020,40(6):1-16+29.
ZHENG Junzheng. On the 125th anniversary of X-ray discovery[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2020, 40(6): 1-16+29.
[7] 中国标准化研究院. 学科分类与代码:GB/T 13745—2009[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社,2009.
[8] 郑钧正. 放射卫生防护标准概论[J]. 中国公共卫生,2005,21(8):1022-1024.
ZHENG Junzheng. Introduction to radiological health protection standards[J]. Chinese Journal of Public Health, 2005, 21(8): 1022-1024.
[9] 郑钧正,曾志. 电离辐射量与单位的体系演进述评[J]. 原子能科学技术,2009,43(S1):177-183.
ZHENG Junzheng,ZENG Zhi. Review on evolvement of system of ionizing radiation quantities and units[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2009,43(S1):177-183.
[10] Lindell B. A history of radiation protection[J]. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 1996, 68: 83-95.
[11] 郑钧正. 放射防护领域的新进展[J]. 辐射防护, 2016, 36(6): 393-407.
ZHENG Junzheng. New progress in the field of radiological protection[J]. Radiation Protection, 2016, 36(6): 393-407.
[12] 李德平. ICRP和辐射防护的发展——祝贺ICRP诞生70周年[J]. 辐射防护,1998,18(5-6):447-455.
LI Deping. The development of ICRP and radiation protection—Congratulations on the 70th anniversary of ICRP[J]. Radiation Protection, 1998,18(5-6):447-455.
[13] ICRP. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection:ICRP Publication 9[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1969.
[14] ICRP. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection:ICRP Publication 26[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977.
[15] ICRP. 1990 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection:ICRP Publication 60[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.
[16] ICRP. The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection:ICRP Publication 103[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2007.
[17] 郑钧正, 李君利. ICRP放射防护基本建议书的演进及其启示[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2008, 28(6): 1-8+25.
ZHENG Junzheng, LI Junli. The evolution of the basic recommendations of the ICRP on radiological protection and its implications[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2008, 28(6): 1-8+25.
[18] 郑钧正. ICRP出版物不断更新的进展概况[J]. 辐射防护, 2010, 30(6): 387-390.
ZHENG Junzheng. Overview of the continuous updates in ICRP publications[J]. Radiation Protection, 2010, 30(6): 387-390.
[19] Gonzales A J. Radiation safety: New international standards[J]. IAEA Bulletin, 1994, 36(2): 2-11.
[20] 郑钧正. 国际基本安全标准的演进[J]. 辐射防护, 2015, 35(6): 356-366+380.
ZHENG Junzheng. The evolution of international basic safety standards[J]. Radiation Protection, 2015, 35(6): 356-366+380.
[21] 郑钧正. 我国电离辐射防护基本标准的沿革与进展[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2003, 23(3): 1-9+29.
ZHENG Junzheng. The evolution and progress of basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation in China[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2003, 23(3): 1-9+29.
[22] FAO, IAEA, ILO, et al. International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources:IAEA Safety Series No. 115[M]. Vienna: IEAE, 1996.
[23] 郑钧正. 赓续“两弹一星与马兰精神”[J]. 辐射防护, 2025, 45(1): 77-94.
ZHENG Junzheng. Carry forward the “Spirit for Two Bombs & One Satellite” and “MaLan Spirit”[J]. Radiation Protection, 2025, 45(1): 77-94.
[24] 全国环境保护会议筹备小组办公室. 放射防护规定: GBJ 8—74[S]. 北京: 原子能出版社, 1974.
[25] 李富元, 周永增, 李素云. 国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)访华团学术报告简介[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 1981(2): 49-52+54.
LI Fuyuan, ZHOU Yongzeng, LI Suyun. Introduction to the academic report by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) delegation to China[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 1981(2): 49-52+54.
[26] 中华人民共和国卫生部. 放射卫生防护基本标准: GB 4792—84[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1984.
[27] 国家环境保护局. 辐射防护规定: GB 8703—88[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1988.
[28] Repacholi M H. A history of the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection[J]. Health Physics, 2017, 113(4): 282-300.
[29] 郑钧正. 研制我国统一的辐射防护基本标准[J]. 中华放射医学与防护杂志, 1995, 15(4): 286-288.
ZHENG Junzheng. Develop unified basic standards for radiation protection in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection, 1995, 15(4): 286-288.
[30] 中华人民共和国卫生部,国家环境保护总局,原中国核工业总公司. 电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准: GB 18871—2002[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2003.
[31] 郑钧正. 辐射防护基本标准的新进展[J]. 中华放射医学与防护杂志, 1996, 16(5): 347-350.
ZHENG Junzheng. New progress in basic standards for radiation protection[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection, 1996, 16(5): 347-350.
[32] 基本标准编制组. GB 18871—2002电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准宣贯材料[M]. 北京:原子能出版社,2005.
[33] 潘自强. 21世纪初辐射防护的几个基本问题[J]. 世界科技研究与发展, 2003,25(3): 14-18.
PAN Ziqiang. Some basic issues of radiation protection at the beginning of the 21st century[J]. World Sci-Tech R & D, 2003, 25(3): 14-18.
[34] 夏益华. 关注人类活动引起天然照射的增加问题[J]. 辐射防护, 2001, 21(1): 11-18.
XIA Yihua. Concerning significant increase in exposure due to natural radiation sources[J]. Radiation Protection, 2001, 21(6): 11-18.
[35] 张凌燕. 《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》对铀矿山辐射防护设计的影响[J]. 铀矿冶,2004, 23(4): 205-209.
ZHANG Lingyan. Impact of implementation of basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources (GB 18871—2002) on radiation protection design for uranium mines[J]. Uranium Mining and Metallurgy, 2004, 23(4): 205-209.
[36] 潘自强, 金家齐. 加强放射源安全和放射性物质安全保障[J]. 辐射防护, 1999, 19(2): 138-143.
PAN Ziqiang, JIN Jiaqi. Strengthen the safety of radioactive sources and the security of radioactive materials[J]. Radiation Protection, 1999, 19(2): 138-143.
[37] 郑钧正, 贺青华, 李述唐, 等. “九五”期间全国医疗照射水平调查研究[J]. 中华放射医学与防护杂志, 2001, 21(S1): 8-13.
ZHENG Junzheng, HE Qinghua, LI Shutang, et al. Survey and study on the national medical exposure level during the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection, 2001, 21(S1): 8-13.
[38] 刘华, 赵顺平, 梁梅燕, 等. 我国辐射环境监测的回顾与展望[J]. 辐射防护, 2008, 28(6): 362-376+391.
LIU Hua, ZHAO Shunping, LIANG Meiyan, et al. Review and prospect of environmental radiation monitoring in China[J]. Radiation Protection, 2008, 28(6): 362-376+391.
[39] 郑钧正,曹敏. 我国放射防护新基本标准的主要特点[J]. 中国标准导报,2004(6):10-12.
ZHENG Junzheng, CAO Min. Main characteristic of new basic standard of radioactive protection in China[J]. China Standards Review, 2004(6): 10-12.
[40] 郑钧正. 我国放射防护新基本标准的一般要求和主要要求[J]. 中国辐射卫生,2003,12(3):144-148.
ZHENG Junzheng. The general requirements and principal requirements of the new basic standards for radiological protection in P.R.China[J]. Chinese Journal of Radiological Health, 2003, 12(3): 144-148.
[41] 郑钧正. 我国放射防护新基本标准强化对医疗照射的控制[J]. 辐射防护,2004, 24(2): 74-91+109.
ZHENG Junzheng. Strengthening control of medical exposure by new basic standards for radiological protection in China[J]. Radiation Protection, 2004, 24(2): 74-91+109.
[42] 郑钧正. 《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》关于职业照射的控制[J]. 中国职业医学, 2006, 33(4): 299-303.
ZHENG Junzheng. Control of occupational exposure in basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources[J]. China Occupational Medicine, 2006, 33(4): 299-303.
[43] 新华社. 习近平致第39届国际标准化组织大会的贺信[N]. 新华网, 2016-09-12.
[44] ICRP. ICRP statement on tissue reactions/early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs—Threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context: ICRP Publication 118[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2012.
[45] ICRP. Ethical foundations of the system of radiological protection:ICRP Publication 138[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2018.
[46] ICRP. Ethics in radiological protection for patients in diagnosis and treatment: ICRP Publication 157[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2024.
[47] ICRP. Use of dose quantities in radiological protection:ICRP Publication 147[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2021.
[48] ICRP. Radiation detriment calculation methodology: ICRP Publication 152[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2022.
[49] ICRP. Optimisation of radiological protection in digital radiology techniques for medical imaging: ICRP Publication 154[M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 2023.
[50] 郑钧正. 我国放射防护法规与标准体系的新进展[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2006, 26(3): 9-17.
ZHENG Junzheng. New progress in China’s radiological protection regulations and standard system[J]. Radiation Protection Bulletin, 2006, 26(3): 9-17.
[51] 郑钧正. 解读《放射性同位素与射线装置安全和防护条例》[J]. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2006, 30(5): 257-260.
ZHENG Junzheng. Explain “regulations for safety and protection against radioisotopes and radiation-emitting apparatus, people’s republic of China”[J]. International Journal of Radiation Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, 2006, 30(5): 257-260.
[52] 国务院公告,2021年第30号. 中共中央国务院印发《国家标准化发展纲要》[EB/OL]. (2021-10-10) https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2021/content_5647347.htm.