放射性轻微污染物料清洁解控管理实践和思考

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过对IAEA和国内外关于放射性轻微污染物料清洁解控管理和实践的分析,对国内核电厂运行产生的放射性污染物料清洁解控管理存在的问题进行了思考并在此基础上提出了改进建议。

Abstract: Based on the analysis of clearance practice of very low level radioactive contaminated material in recent years and the analysis of the latest description of IAEA on the applicability of clearance concept, some considerations on the clearance management of radioactive contaminated material arising from domestic NPPs are put forward.

Key words: nuclear power plants, very low level radioactive contaminated material, clearance, waste minimization

中图分类号:

TL94

徐侃, 熊扣红, 闫晓俊, 郭喜良, 徐春艳, 高超. 放射性轻微污染物料清洁解控管理实践和思考[J]. 辐射防护, 2023, 43(4): 360-365.

XU Kan, XIONG Kouhong, YAN Xiaojun, GUO Xiliang, XU Chunyan, GAO Chao. Practice and consideration on clearance of very low level radioactive contaminated material[J]. RADIATION PROTECTION, 2023, 43(4): 360-365.

参考文献

[1] Charles D, Smith G M. Waste management study for large volumes of very-low-level waste from decommissioning of nuclear installations[M].Publications Office of European Union, 1993.
[2] 郭喜良,徐春艳, 冯文东,等.核电站放射性轻微污染物料的清洁解控[J]. 辐射防护, 2014,34(2):74-80.
GUO Xiliang, XU Chunyan, FENG Wendong,et al. Clearance of slightly radioactive contaminats from NPPs[J]. Radiation Protection, 2014,34(2):74-80.
[3] IAEA. Principles for the exemption of radiation sources and practices from regulatory control:Safety Series No.89[S].Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,1988.
[4] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Labour Organization, et al. International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources: Safety Series No.115[S].Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,1996.
[5] IAEA. Application of the concepts of exclusion exemption and clearance:Safety Standards Series No.RS-G-1.7[S].Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,2004.
[6] European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, et al. Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: IAEA Safety Standards Series No.GSR Part 3[S].Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,2014.
[7] IAEA. Application of the concepts of clearance:Draft Safety Guide DS 500 (Revision of Safety Guide RS-G-1.7)[S].Vienna:International Atomic Energy Agency,2020.https://www.iaea.org/resources/safety-standards/draft-standards-for-ms-comment.
[8] European Commission. Laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation:Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996[R].EC,1996.
[9] European Commission. Evaluation of the application of the concepts of exemption and clearance for practices according to title III of Council Directive 96/29/ Euratom of 13 May 1996 in EU Member States:Radiation Protection No.134[S].EC,2003.
[10] European Commission. Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear installations: Radiation Protection No.89[S].EC,1998.
[11] European Commission. Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and rubble from the dismantling of nuclear installations:Radiation Protection No.113[S].EC, 2000.
[12] European Commission. Practical use of the concepts of clearance and exemption—Part 1: Guidance on general clearance levels for practices:Radiation Protection No.122[S].EC,2000.
[13] European Commission. Practical use of the concepts of clearance and exemption—Part 2: Application of the concepts of exemption and clearance to natural radiation sources:Radiation Protection No.122[S].EC,2001.
[14] European Commission. Comparative study of EC and IAEA Guidance on exemption and clearance levels: Radiation Protection No.157[S].EC, 2010.
[15] 熊忠华, 潘自强, 范显华,等. 清洁解控研究进展及在放射性废物最小化中的应用——全国核与辐射设施退役学术交流会论文[C].厦门:2007年核化工三废处理处置学术交流会, 2007.
[16] US NRC.Surface and volume radioactivity standards for clearance: ANSI-HPS N13.12[S].1999.
[17] US NRC. Radiological assessments for clearance of materials from nuclear facilities:NUREG-1640[R].Washington,DC:U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission,2003.
[18] 核工业标准化研究所. 电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准:GB 18871—2002[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2002.
[19] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会. 核设施的钢铁、铝、镍和铜再循环、再利用的清洁解控水平:GB/T 17567—2009[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2009.
[20] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会. 可免于辐射防护监管的物料中放射性核素活度浓度:GB 27742—2011[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2011.
[21] 夏益华, 张红见.关于放射性场址开放和物料解控中的剂量约束值[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2017,27(6):1-5.
[22] 林晓玲, 张胜江, 马冬柏,等. 放射性固体废物清洁解控水平的建立及其应用研究:全国核监测学术研讨会[C]. 中国核学会, 2002.
[23] 杨卫兵, 杨海兰, 郭喜良,等. 相关因子法在轻微污染物料解控中的应用[J].辐射防护通讯, 2015,35(5):34-36.
[24] 汪萍, 廖运璇, 魏国良,等. 放射性物料的清洁解控[J].核安全,2015,14(2):6-12.
[25] 林晓玲,董永和,冯定胜.清洁解控在反应堆退役放射性废物最小化管理中的应用[R].中国核科学技术进展报告, 2009:40-43.
[26] 罗上庚.清洁解控和退役若干动向与新发展[J].辐射防护通讯, 2000,20(4-5): 20-24.
[27] 骆志平,汪传高,徐勇军,等.核电站废树脂清洁解控问题探讨[J].辐射防护,2017, 37(5):393-397.
LUO Zhiping,WANG Chuangao,XU Yongjun,et al.Issues on clearance of the spent resin from NPP[J].Radiation Protection,2017,37(5):393-397.
[28] 陈健菠,陈坚.宁德核电站轻微污染物料清洁解控前的准备工作实践[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2017,37(1):22-27.
[29] 张志银.核电厂放射性废物清洁解控方法研究:中国核学会核化工分会放射性三废处理、处置专业委员会学术交流会论文集[C]. 2012.
[30] 张露, 汪萍, 黄敏杰,等.含铀氟化钙渣的产生控制及清洁解控条件研究[J], 原子能科学技术, 2016,50(11):1937-1942.
ZHANG Lu,WANG Ping,HUANG Minjie,et al.Produce control and clearance of uranium containing CaF₂ sludge[J].Atomic Energy Science and Technology,2016,50(11):1937-1942.
[31] 杨勇, 高宇, 杨瑞红,等. 核医学放射性废物清洁解控工作现状调查与优化对策[J].中国医学装备, 2020,17(7):16-21.
YANG Yong, GAO Yu, YANG Ruihong, et al.Investigation and optimization strategy of the current status of clearance work of radioactive waste of nuclear medicine[J].China Medical Equipment.2020,17(7):16-21.
[32] 王荣锁. 医疗机构放射性污染物的豁免与清洁解控[J].中国辐射卫生, 2005,14(3): 182-185.