核电站排放水对周围水生生物影响的研究进展与展望

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着核能的开发与利用,核电站排放水对周围生态系统的影响愈发受到人们的重视,相关研究也逐渐增多。本文概述了秦山、大亚湾、Ignalina和Almaraz等4个核电站的相关研究,总结4 个核电站排放水对周围生态系统的影响。得出核电站排放水对水生生态系统的作用主要受水体稀释能力的影响。当排放水量较小,受纳水体的交互作用较强时,周围水体和生物中的放射性水平会随之降低,升温现象也不明显,反之,当排放水中的核素没有得到充分的稀释扩散时,其放射性水平会明显高于本底调查值,发生明显的蓄积现象,甚至产生辐射影响,排放口附近水温也会明显升高,导致恒温种鱼类和藻类的数量逐渐减少甚至最终消失,而暖水种则占据优势,逐渐成为群落的主体。此外,随着现代计算机技术的快速发展,利用大数据进行模拟计算,选择模式生物实验进行验证,将帮助人们更好地认识排放水对水生生态系统的影响,为核电环境影响评价提供参考,也有利于后续的核电发展。

关键词: 核电站, 排放水, 水生生物, 放射性核素, 水温

Abstract: With the development and utilization of nuclear energy, people pay more and more attention to the impact of discharge water from nuclear power plants on the surrounding ecosystems, and related studies are gradually increasing. We outline the related work of 4 nuclear power plants, including Qinshan, Daya Bay, Ignalina and Almaraz, and summarize the impact of their discharged water on the surrounding ecosystems. It is concluded that the effect of nuclear power plant discharge water on the aquatic ecosystem is mainly affected by the dilution capacity of the water body. When the amount of discharged water is small and the interaction of the receiving water body is strong, the radioactivity level of the surrounding water bodies and organisms will decrease, and the water temperature increase will not be obvious. On the contrary, when the radionuclides in the discharged water are not sufficiently diluted and diffused, the radioactivity level will be significantly higher than the background, and obvious accumulation will occur, and even radiation effects may happen. The water temperature near the discharge port will also rise significantly, resulting in a gradual decrease in the number of constant temperature species of fish and algae. while warm water species become the main body of the community gradually. In addition, with the rapid development of modern computer technology, the use of big data for simulation calculations and selection of model biological experiments for verification will help us better understand the impact of discharged water on aquatic ecosystems, and provide references for nuclear power environmental impact assessment.

Key words: Nuclear power plant, Discharge water, Aquatic organisms, Radionuclide, Water temperature

中图分类号:

O142.6

张烨锋, 薛惠元, 李圣日, 万骏. 核电站排放水对周围水生生物影响的研究进展与展望[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2020, 40(6): 17-24.

Zhang Yefeng, Xue Huiyuan, Li Shengri, Wan Jun. Research Progress and Prospects of the Impact of Nuclear Power Plant Discharge Water on Surrounding Aquatic Organisms[J]. RADIATION PROTECTION BULLETIN, 2020, 40(6): 17-24.

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